The application of hexane and Aldose Reductase Storage & Stability acetone fractionated extracts of G. kraussiana may well be promising in protecting of stored seeds against cowpea weevils. The truth is, this botanical insecticide has higher biological activities than essentially the most preferred botanical insecticide from Azadirachta indica against C. maculatus in treated cowpea. In light with the rising difficulty of insecticide resistance, there is an urgent want for the improvement of biologically protected insecticide from G. kraussiana, specifically in low-income country like Cameroon, where the plants are widely accessible. Since the use of any botanical with insecticidal activity is probably to involve some undesirable exposure of human and domestic animals to toxic substances, the potential toxicity to nontarget organisms of hexane and acetone extracts of G. kraussiana will have to be undertaken ahead of the adoption of your results of this study. Being extremely toxic to insect pests, hexane or acetone extract of G. kraussiana may be7 advisable in the content material not exceeding 5-g/kg grains to reduce unwanted effects on human.AcknowledgmentsWe are thankful to the employees of the Institute of Medical Study and Medicinal Plants Studies of YaoundCameroon, Phytochemistry Laboratory, whose assistance made this operate doable.Author ContributionsThis function was carried out in collaboration amongst all authors. CDC custom synthesis authors D.K. and E.N.N. created the study, wrote the protocol and performed the statistical analysis. Authors D.K., G.A.A., A.T.T., J.P.A., J.A.G.Y. and T.K.K. managed the analyses on the study. Author D.K. wrote the first draft with the manuscript. All authors read and authorized the final manuscript.References CitedAbass, A. B., G. Ndunguru, P. Mamiro, B. Alenkhe, N. Mlingi, and M. Bekunda. 2014. Post-harvest food losses in a maize-based farming system of semi-arid savannah region of Tanzania. J. Stored Prod. Res. 57: 497. Abbott, W. S. 1925. A technique of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol. 18: 26567. Adeniyi, S. A., C. L. Orjiekwe, J. E. Ehiagbonare, and B. D. Arimah. 2010. Preliminary phytochemical evaluation and insecticidal activity of ethanolic extracts of four tropical plants (Vernonia amygdalina, Sida acuta, Ocimum gratissimum and Telfaria occidentalis) against beans weevil (Acanthscelides obtectus). Int. J. Phys. Sci. five: 75362. Amusan, O. O., P. S. Dlamini, J. D. Msonthi, and L. P. Makhubu. 2002. Some herbal treatments from Manzini area of Swaziland. J. Ethnopharmacol. 79: 10912. Amusan, O. O. G., N. A. Sukati, P. S. Dlamini, and F. G. Sibandze. 2007. Some Swazi phytomedicines and their constituents. Afr. J. Biotech. six: 2672. Athanassiou, C. G., N. G. Kavallieratos, B. J. Vayias, and C. P. Emmanouel. 2008. Influence of grain type on the susceptibility of diverse Sitophilus oryzae (L.) populations, obtained from diverse rearing media, to 3 diatomaceous earth formulations. J. Stored Prod. Res. 44: 39496. Bala, A. E. A., R. Delorme, A. Kollmann, L. Kerhoas, J. Einhorn, P. -H. Ducrot, and D. Aug 1999. Insecticidal activity of daphnane diterpenes from Lasiosiphon kraussianus (Meisn) (Thymelaeaceae) roots. Pest. Sci. 55: 74550. Bhandurge, P., N. Rajarajeshwari, S. Ganapatya, and S. Pattanshetti. 2013. The Gnidia genus: a evaluation. Asian J. Biomed. Pharm. 3: 11. Bisseleua, B. D. H., D. Obeng-Ofori, and W. S. K. Gbewonyo. 2008. Bioactivities of crude extracts with the candlewood Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides Lam. (Rutaceae) against the cowpea beetle Callosobruchus maculatus.
