One of the most significant advantages of the proposed antifouling coating strategy lies in its universal applicability across a wide range of catheter geometries and polymer materials, without requiring any surface pre-treatment or complex fabrication processes. This study systematically evaluates the performance of the PVP-PDMS-PVP (PPP)-iodine (I₂) coating on catheters with varying cross-sectional shapes—circular, rectangular, triangular, and hexagonal—as well as different base materials including silicone, polyurethane (PU), and polyethylene (PE). The fabrication process remains consistent: a 20% PPP solution in dichloromethane is perfused into the catheter lumen, followed by drying and infusion with aqueous I₂. Despite differences in shape and chemistry, the coating uniformly adheres to all inner surfaces, forming a continuous, hydrophilic layer confirmed by optical imaging and surface characterization. Catheters with non-circular cross-sections exhibit distinct brown halos along their inner walls after I₂ infusion, indicating the formation of a visible PVP-I₂ complex layer. These halos are evenly distributed, suggesting homogeneous copolymer insertion and iodine complexation regardless of geometric complexity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals smooth, defect-free coatings on all tested substrates, with no signs of delamination, cracking, or uneven deposition. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping confirms uniform iodine distribution across diverse materials, with higher signal intensity on PPP-coated surfaces compared to unmodified controls.SCF Protein, MouseFormulation Notably, even highly flexible and chemically inert polymers such as PE and PU successfully receive the coating, demonstrating that the mechanism relies on physical swelling and entanglement rather than chemical reactivity.2-(2-Chloroethoxy)ethanol MedChemExpress The resulting surfaces exhibit consistently low water contact angles (WCA < 30°), confirming strong hydrophilicity across all configurations.PMID:35165254 Protein adsorption tests show minimal BSA adhesion on all coated samples, with adsorption densities reduced to less than 45 ng/cm², irrespective of geometry or material. Similarly, antibacterial assays reveal over 95% inhibition of both *E. coli* and *S. aureus* adhesion on every type of modified catheter. These results confirm that the swelling-driven immobilization mechanism is independent of substrate chemistry and geometric constraints, making it ideal for custom-designed, multi-functional medical devices. The method’s simplicity—requiring only a single infusion step and no activation—enables rapid, scalable production for industrial use. This universality opens new possibilities for designing patient-specific catheters with tailored shapes and mechanical properties while maintaining high levels of biofouling resistance and infection prevention. As such, this coating technology represents a transformative advancement in biomedical engineering, offering a one-size-fits-all solution for next-generation intraductal devices across diverse clinical and industrial applications.MedChemExpress (MCE) offers a wide range of high-quality research chemicals and biochemicals (novel life-science reagents, reference compounds and natural compounds) for scientific use. We have professionally experienced and friendly staff to meet your needs. We are a competent and trustworthy partner for your research and scientific projects.Related websites: https://www.medchemexpress.com